МОСКВА, 14 сентября 2017 г. Всероссийский центр изучения общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ) и Музей современной истории России представляют данные исследования по оценке знаний россиян в области истории.
Убежденность в необходимости исторических знаний в нашем обществе близка к абсолютной: с этим соглашаются 96% опрошенных, при этом свои знания по истории страны 47% взрослого населения оценивают как недостаточные (положительные ответы дают 42%). Молодежь в этом вопросе более самокритична (и, как показали последующие вопросы, не зря).
На деле же опрос на знание ряда исторических фактов/событий показывает, что информированность о них - низкая, в особенности, если события относятся к более раннему историческому периоду (начало-середина XX века), а не к недавнему прошлому (последние десятилетия существования СССР, которые многие граждане еще помнят).
Более половины опрошенных верно отвечают на вопрос об имени президента СССР (59% - Горбачев), лидере страны, с которым связано понятие «эпоха застоя» (51% - Брежнев). 62% респондентов вспомнил автора широко растиражированной фразы в адрес США «показать кузькину мать» (Хрущев). В то же время крайне малы доли тех, кто смог назвать годы русско-японской войны (9% - 1904-1905 гг.), Гражданской войны (7% - 1917-1922 гг.), указать, кого свергли большевики (11% - Временное правительство) и др.
Компания «Медиалогия» проанализировала упоминаемость темы «История России» в российских СМИ за год: зафиксировано более 130 тыс. сообщений. В декабре 2016 года СМИ сообщали о заявлении режиссера Никиты Михалкова, что деятельность «Ельцин Центра» разрушает национальное самосознание сотен детей ежедневно, поскольку предоставляет необъективную оценку истории России. Конфликт комментировал министр культуры Владимир Мединский. В феврале 2017 года глава Минобрнауки Ольга Васильева заявила, что ЕГЭ по истории России должен быть в списке обязательных.
Данные исследования комментирует руководитель практики политического анализа и консультирования ВЦИОМ Михаил Мамонов: «Проведенный опрос продемонстрировал крайне тревожную тенденцию: мы теряем молодежь, знание которой об истории своей страны все больше носит фрагментарный характер. Попытка разукрасить историю, сделать ее более наглядной, отказ от традиционных методов обучения истории приводит к тому, что молодежь знает и помнит лишь то, что видела в фильмах и телепередачах. В этих условиях говорить о понимании глубинных исторических процессов не приходится. Молодежь видит яркую картинку не понимая, что за ней кроется. Возможны самые неблагоприятные последствия этой ситуации. Незнание истории приводит к отсутствию политических ориентиров, в конечном счете – к вольному обращению с историческими фактами, историей своей страны».
Генеральный директор Музея современной истории России Ирина Великанова отмечает: «То, что исторические знания общества малоудовлетворительны, вроде бы не секрет, тем не менее, всякий раз результаты неприятно поражают. Особенно впечатляюще выглядит доля правильных ответов молодых людей, если смотреть графы с разбивкой по возрасту: 74% вчерашних школьников не смогли правильно назвать имя первого и единственного президента СССР. Однако на большем временном промежутке результаты ещё более ошеломляющие: 95% участников опроса в возрасте от 18 до 24 лет не идентифицируют последнего главу Временного правительства А. Ф. Керенского; в группах старше 45 лет этот показатель равен 57–58%.
Проблема в том, что результаты научных исследований не доходят до широкой аудитории. Нет связующего звена между академической наукой и массовой аудиторией, так сказать, института популяризации. В итоге у нас подавляющее большинство респондентов как считали, что царя свергли большевики, так и продолжают считать. Одна только школа, очевидно, не справляется с задачей по приобретению даже базовых исторических знаний, без которых невозможно формирование национальной идентичности как таковой».
Инициативный всероссийский опрос «ВЦИОМ-Спутник» проведен 6-7 сентября 2017 г. В опросе принимают участие россияне в возрасте от 18 лет. Метод опроса – телефонное интервью по стратифицированной двухосновной случайной выборке стационарных и мобильных номеров объемом 1200 респондентов. <link http: wciom.ru research sputnik>Выборка построена на основе полного списка телефонных номеров, задействованных на территории РФ. Данные взвешены на вероятность отбора и по социально-демографическим параметрам. Для данной выборки максимальный размер ошибки с вероятностью 95% не превышает 3,5%. Помимо ошибки выборки смещение в данные опросов могут вносить формулировки вопросов и различные обстоятельства, возникающие в ходе полевых работ.
Мониторинг и анализ публикаций в российских СМИ проведен компанией «Медиалогия». Исследование проводилось по базе СМИ «Медиалогии», включающей порядка 42 200 источников: ТВ, радио, газеты, журналы, информационные агентства, Интернет-СМИ. Период исследования: сентябрь 2016 – сентябрь 2017.
RUSSIAN HISTORY: GIVING “EXCELLENT” MARK WITH “UNSATISFACTORY” IN MIND
Most of Russians believe that knowing the Russian history is essential. But not everyone knows the history well.
Most of Russians believe that knowing the Russian history is essential. But not everyone knows the history well.
MOSCOW, September 14, 2017. The Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM) and the Museum of Contemporary Russian History present the data of a study devoted the Russians’ knowledge of history.
Russians are almost absolutely confident that knowing history is important: 96% agree with this statement, however 47% of adults report to have insufficient knowledge of history (42% provide positive answers). Young people are more self-critical (and as the study suggests it is not for nothing).
Failure to give the correct answers to the questions about historical facts and events point to the lack of knowledge about them, especially if those events refer to earlier periods of history (the beginning and the middle of the XX century) but not the recent past (many Russians still remember the last decades of the USSR).
More than half of respondents give the correct answer to the question about the only president of the USSR (59% - Gorbachev), the leader associated with the era of stagnation (51% - Brezhnev). Sixty-two percent of respondents could recall the author of a widely used phrase “to show Kuzka’s mother” addressed to the U.S.A. (Khrushchev). At the same time, few respondents could precise the years of the Russo-Japanese war (9%: 1904-1905), the Civil War (7%: 1917-1922) and point who was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (11% - the Provisional Government) et cet.
More than 130,000 mentions devoted to the Russian history in the Russian media have been analyzed by the Medialogia Company over the recent year. In December 2016, the media reported about Nikita Mikhalkov’s announcement that the Yeltsin Center activities damaged the national indentify of hundreds of children on a daily basis, as it provides unbiased assessments of the Russian history. Vladimir Medinsky, Minister of Culture, gave his comments on it. In February 2017, the head of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science Olga Vasilieva declared that the History Uniform State Exam must be compulsory.
The VCIOM-Sputnik Russian nationwide survey was conducted on September 6-7, 2017. The survey involved 1,200 Russians aged 18 and over, and was carried out using stratified dual-frame random sample based on a complete list of landline and mobile phone numbers operating in Russia. The data were weighted for the probability of selection and reflect social and demographic characteristics. The margin of error at a 95% confidence level does not exceed 3.5%. In addition to sampling error, minor changes in question wording and different circumstances arising during the fieldwork can introduce bias into the survey.
The Russian media publications were monitored and analyzed by the Medialogia Company using the company’s media database involving approximately 42,200 media sources such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, news agencies and online media. The study took place from September 2016 to September 2017.
Can you assess how well do you know the Russian history? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over |
Very well | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Rather well | 39 | 36 | 33 | 40 | 44 | 39 |
Rather poorly | 40 | 43 | 56 | 42 | 34 | 30 |
Very poorly | 7 | 13 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 8 |
Don’t know | 11 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 20 |
In your opinion, is it important to know the Russian history? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| 2015 | 2017 |
Rather important | 92 | 96 |
Rather not important | 4 | 3 |
Don’t know | 4 | 1 |
Which Soviet leader promised the United States “to show Kuzka’s mother”? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Khrushchev (correct answer) | 62 | 18 | 42 | 59 | 77 | 81 | 52 | 63 | 71 |
Other answer | 13 | 18 | 21 | 18 | 6 | 7 | 17 | 11 | 10 |
Don’t know | 25 | 64 | 37 | 23 | 17 | 12 | 31 | 26 | 19 |
Can you name the only person to be the president of the USSR? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Gorbachev (correct answer) | 59 | 26 | 44 | 64 | 70 | 67 | 49 | 59 | 69 |
Other answer | 26 | 27 | 31 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 31 | 28 | 19 |
Don’t know | 15 | 47 | 25 | 13 | 6 | 7 | 20 | 13 | 12 |
Which Soviet Union leader’s name is associated with the era of stagnation? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Brezhnev (correct answer) | 51 | 16 | 26 | 47 | 73 | 65 | 46 | 49 | 60 |
Other answer | 20 | 16 | 31 | 21 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 19 |
Don’t know | 29 | 68 | 43 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 34 | 29 | 21 |
Who was the last chairman of the Russian Provisional Government? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Kerensky (correct answer) | 27 | 5 | 6 | 19 | 42 | 43 | 22 | 25 | 36 |
Other answer | 12 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 6 |
Don’t know | 61 | 88 | 83 | 69 | 47 | 43 | 66 | 60 | 58 |
Which candidate for the president during the 1996 Russian presidential elections was Yeltsin's major rival? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Zyuganov (correct answer) | 25 | 6 | 16 | 26 | 34 | 29 | 20 | 23 | 33 |
Other answer | 25 | 26 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 29 | 15 |
Don’t know | 50 | 68 | 64 | 47 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 48 | 52 |
What does the GKChP acronym mean? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
State Committee for the State of Emergency (correct answer) | 15 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 26 |
Other answer | 29 | 9 | 21 | 27 | 38 | 36 | 26 | 30 | 32 |
Don’t know | 56 | 86 | 68 | 57 | 40 | 49 | 62 | 60 | 42 |
What was the main event that sparked the Second World War? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939 (correct answer) | 13 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 21 |
Other answer | 51 | 42 | 47 | 55 | 51 | 56 | 51 | 53 | 49 |
Don’t know | 36 | 48 | 45 | 34 | 32 | 29 | 39 | 38 | 30 |
When did the USSR launch the first man-made earth satellite? (closed-ended, one answer %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
1957 (correct answer) | 13 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 24 | 9 | 12 | 18 |
Other answer | 40 | 7 | 29 | 42 | 52 | 49 | 38 | 42 | 42 |
Don’t know | 47 | 88 | 67 | 50 | 33 | 27 | 53 | 46 | 40 |
Who did the Bolsheviks overthrow? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
The Provisional Government headed by Kerensky (correct answer) | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 19 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 17 |
Other answer | 65 | 33 | 51 | 68 | 73 | 77 | 62 | 69 | 62 |
Don’t know | 24 | 64 | 48 | 25 | 8 | 9 | 30 | 23 | 21 |
When did the Russo-Japanese War take place? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
1904-1905 (correct answer) | 9 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 13 |
Other answer | 34 | 13 | 27 | 35 | 39 | 40 | 29 | 34 | 38 |
Don’t know | 57 | 78 | 69 | 59 | 49 | 47 | 64 | 58 | 49 |
Who is the author of the quotation “They need great upheavals; we need a great Russia!”? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
Stolypin (correct answer) | 7 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 11 |
Other answer | 10 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 15 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 11 |
Don’t know | 83 | 93 | 86 | 85 | 75 | 83 | 88 | 82 | 78 |
Can you name the years of the Civil War in Russia? Its start year and end year (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
1917 – 1922 (correct answer) | 7 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 9 |
Other answer | 53 | 31 | 31 | 56 | 65 | 64 | 57 | 50 | 53 |
Don’t know | 40 | 63 | 66 | 40 | 24 | 26 | 37 | 42 | 38 |
When did Russia withdraw from World War I? (closed-ended, one answer, %) |
| Total respondents | Aged 18-24 | Aged 25-34 | Aged 35-44 | Aged 45-59 | Aged 60 and over | Incomplete secondary/Secondary education (school, vocational school) | Specialized secondary education (technical school) | Incomplete higher ((not less than three years in a higher education institution), higher education |
March 3, 1918 (completely correct answer) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1918 (partially correct answer) | 13 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 19 |
Other answer | 46 | 35 | 40 | 48 | 50 | 51 | 45 | 43 | 52 |
Don’t know | 41 | 53 | 51 | 40 | 33 | 36 | 49 | 43 | 29 |
Note: Using materials from the site www.wciom.ru or wciom.com, as well as distributed by VCIOM, the reference to the source (or hyperlink for the electronic media) is obligatory! The use of the Medialogia system content, fully or partially, must be accompanied by the reference to the Medialogia Company.
